The Forms of The Gerund (Bentuk-bentuk Gerund)

 

Ini adalah materi terakhir tentang Gerund. Saya menyebutnya terakhir karena pada posting sebelumnya saya sudah membahas :

  Pembahasan Gerund dan Penggunaan
  Peletakan Gerund dalam Kalimat (Frase)
  Gerund after Preposition
  Gerund after Other Verbs  dan yang akan kita pelajari berikutnya adalah
  The Form of The Gerund (Bentuk-bentuk Gerund)

Pembahasan tentang Gerund sangatlah panjang sehingga sengaja saya bagi menjadi beberapa judul agar  kita mudah mempelajarinya. Ok friends kita lanjut ya …

Bentuk –bentuk Gerund

Gerund memiliki 4 bentuk yaitu :

1. Active Present/Past Gerund (V + Ing)

Contoh :
1. Thomas enjoys visiting tourism places.
2. She appreciated attending your birthday party.
3. I am very sorry for disturbing you.
4. Thank you for not lying us.
5. Justin remembered visiting  many tourism places.

2. Passive Present/ Past Gerund (Being + V3)

Passive Present/ Past Gerund  seperti Passive Voice yaitu bermakna di
Contoh :
1. Being scolded hurts our feeling. (Dimarahi sakit perasaan kita)'.
2. Anton came to may house without being invited (Anton datang ke rumahku tanpa diundang).
3. She admits being terrorized (Dia mengaku di terror)
4. The patient felt unconcious after being injected (Pasien merasa pingsan setelah disuntik)
5. She helped her teacher before being asked (Dia membantu gurunya sebelum disuruh)

3. Active Perfect/ Past Gerund (Having + V3)

Perfect / Past Gerund digunakan untuk menekankan bahwa kejadian yang menggunakan Gerund telah sempurna dilakukan /telah selesai sebelum kata kerja inti (Main Verb)
Contoh :
1. She is afraid of having left her mother alone in a big house ( Dia benar-benar telah meninggalkan ibunya sendirian di dalam rumah besar)
2. They confessed to having stolen some jewel (Mereka benar-benar telah mencuri sejumlah perhiasan)
3. Erna regretted having told her secret ( Erna menyesal telah menceritakan rahasianya)

4. Passive Perfect/ Past Gerund (Having been + V3)

Contoh :
1. The professor appreciated having been awarded the man of the year (Professor menghargai yang telah diberikan orang tahun ini)
2. The secretary admitted having been intimidated (Sekretaris mengaku telah diintimidasi)
3. Did the lawyer deny having been bribed ? (Apakah pengacara itu menyangkal telah disuap ?)
4. Intan confessed to having been told a secret by a secret agent (Intan mengaku telah diberitahu rahasia oleh agen rahasia)
5. Did Risma forgot having been awarded as the best graduate last year ? (Apakah Risma lupa telah dianugerahi sebagai lulusan terbaik tahun lalu ? )

Itulah pembahasan Gerund yang bisa saya bagikan. Semoga bermanfaat untuk kita semua. Keep studying :)

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Gerund after Other Verbs plus Contoh Kalimat Lengkap

Gerund after Other Verb

Kata kerja (Verb) yang diikuti Gerund dibagi menjadi 4 yaitu :
a. Kata kerja seperti need, want, require dan deserve jika diikuti Gerund, maka Gerund diartikan pasif (di).
Need : perlu
Want : ingin
Require : perlu
Deserve : pantas/layak

Contoh :
*The flowers are dying and unhealthy. they need fertilizing. (dipupuk)
*The brake of the bike doesn’t work properly. It needs repairing. (diperbaiki)
*He feels painful in his muscle. He wants massaging . (dipijat)
*Do the poor and the needy deserve treating fairly ? (diperlakukan dengan adil).

b. Kata kerja yang diikuti Gerund dan Gerund mengandung makna aktif.
Kata kerja itu adalah :

Verb	Meaning
Deny Avoid Enjoy Love Start Appreciate Delai Try Finish Imagine Fancy Discuss Postpone Practice Recall Report Like Complete Hate Miss Admit Continue Keep Begin Resent Anticipate Regret Detest Quit Risk Dread Understand Prefer Prevent Recommend Tolerate Dislike Mention Suggest Mind	Menyangkal Menghindar Menikmati Mencintai Mulai Menghargai Menunda Mencoba Menyelesaikan Membayangkan Menyukai Membicarakan Menunda Berlatih Mengingat Melaporkan Suka Melengkapi Membenci Merindukan Mengakui Melanjutkan Terus Mulai Merasadongkol Mengantisipasi Menyesal Benci Menyerah Beresiko Takut Memahami Lebih suka Mencegah Mengusulkan Memperbolehkan Tidak suka Menyebutkan Menyarankan keberatan

Contoh :
*He finally completed filming his own biography. (memfilmkan)
*Do you resent helping your enemy ? (membantu)
*They don’t mind attending the seminar on Sunday. (menghadiri)
*Children enjoy playing in the rain . (bermain)

Untuk Gerund yang mengandung makna pasif, kita harus menggunakan Passive Gerund (being + Verb 3)
Contoh :
*The school principal denied being bribed. (disuap)Begin
*Who likes being critized ?(dikritik)
*Do you miss being told a story before going to bed ? (didongengi)
*Lina doesn’t mind being commanded. (diperintah)

c. Kata kerja yang bisa diikuti Gerund dan to infinitive yang tidak memiliki perbedaan arti (no different meaning).
Kata kerja tersebut adalah:
Continue, Start, Love, Discontinue, Prefer, Hate, Can’t stand, Can’t bear.

Contoh :
*Maya prefers drinking/to drink white coffee.
*She loves shopping/to shop in Malls.
*Will you continue studying/to study at a college ?
*It began raining/ to rain.
*Hendra has started working/ to work in a new place.
*Dono hates doing/ to do household works.
*She can’t bear living/ to live in a dirty environment.

Note:
Jika kata kerja pertama (main verb) sudah berbentuk Continuous/Progressive Tenses, maka kata kerja kedua harus dalam bentuk To Infinitive bukan Gerund.
Contoh :
*It was beginning to rain/ raining at 7 o’clock last night.
*I am starting to do/ doing my diet tomorrow.

d. Kata kerja yang bisa diikuti Gerund dan to infinitive tetapi memiliki perbedaan arti (different meaning).
Kata kerja tersebut adalah :
Forget, Go on, Remember, Regret, Stop, Try, Like.

Forget + Gerund artinya lupa dengan apa yang telah terjadi/dilakukan.
Contoh :
*She forget locking the front door last night. (Dia lupa bahwa dia sudah mengunci pintu depan. Pintu depan terkunci ketika dia mengeceknya).
*Grandmother forgets having lunch. (Nenek sudah makan siang tetapi dia berpikir bahwa dia belum makan).

Forget + To Infinitive artinya lupa apa yang harus dilakukan.
Contoh :
*Selvy forgot to lock the front door last night. (Selvy lupa untuk mengunci pintu depan tadi malam)
*Arthur has forgotten to do homework. (Arthur lupa mengerjakan PR)

Remember + Gerund artinya ingat dengan apa yang telah dilakukan/ terjadi.
Contoh :
*George remembered draining a bath tub (George ingat apa yang telah dilakukan yaitu menguras bak mandi)
*Romeo remembers being taken to Bali (Romeo ingat bahwa dia telah diajak ke Bali)

Remember + To Infinitive artinya ingat apa yang harus dilakukan.
Contoh :
*Lorenzo remembered to attend a meeting (Lorenzo ingat apa yang harus dilakukan yaitu menghadiri pertemuan)
*Melisa remembers to buy medicine for her mother (Melisa ingat bahwa dia harus membeli obat untuk ibunya)

Stop + Gerund artinya menghentikan apa yang dilakukan/terjadi.
Contoh :
*Vanessa stops teaching at 5 pm everyday.
*Keanu stopped fishing because it was raining heavily.

Stop + To Infinitive artinya berhenti karena harus melakukan sesuatu atau berhenti karena ingin melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh :
*Agung stopped to buy a pen (Agung berhenti karena ingin membeli bolpoin)
*They stop to have their lunch in the inn (Mereka berhenti karena ingin makan siang)
  
Go on + Gerund artinya melanjutkan/meneruskan apa yang sedang dilakukan/terjadi.
Contoh :
*She goes on singing eventhough no one cares her. (Dia terus bernyanyi walaupun tak seorangpun peduli padanya)
*Why does the sun go on shining ? (Mengapa matahari terus bersinar ?)
*Farmers went on working in their field although the lightings struck many times . (Para petani terus bekerja meskipun kilat menyambar berkali-kali)

Go on + To Infinitive artinya melanjutkan/ berpindah ke sesuatu yang baru.
Contoh :
*The teacher goes on to give a test after finishing the lesson.
*She went on to cook after she arrived from her work.

Regret + Gerund artinya menyesali apa yang telah terjadi/dilakukan.
Contoh :
*She regrets not telling the truth.
*Marvel regretted believing his roomate.

Regret + To Infinitive artinya merasa menyesal /tidak sampai hati mengatakan, menceritakan atau menginformasikan berita buruk. Regret + To Infinitive hanya digunakan dengan kata kerja tell, say, dan inform.
Contoh :
*Elma regrets to tell us that we are forbidden to join the class.
*I regret to say that this consulate can’t issue your visa.

Try + Gerund artinya membuat percobaan untuk melihat apakah percobaan tersebut berhasil atau tidak.
Contoh :
*When she saw a child crying, she tried calming him but she could not stop his crying (Ketika dia melihat seorang anak menangis, dia mencoba menenangkannya tetapi dia tidak bisa menghentikan tangisannya)
*Mother tries watering the flowers when she notices that her flowers are fading. She is so grateful, because the flowers are fresh again after few hours. (Ibu mencoba menyiram bunga-bunga ketika dia melihat bunga-bunganya itu memudar. Dia bersyukur karena bunga-bunga itu segar lagi setelah beberara jam).

Try + To Infinitive artinya berusaha keras untuk mengatasi sesuatu yang sangat sulit.
Contoh :
*Economics experts have tried to stabilize the value of Rupiah. (Para ahli ekonomi sudah mencoba menstabilkan nilai tukar rupiah)
*Scientists try to discover medicine to heal patients with aids. (Para ilmuan mencoba menemukan obat untuk menyembuhkan para pasien penderita aids).

Like + Gerund artinya menikmati (enjoy) ketika melakukan aktifitas tersebut.
Contoh :
*She like dancing
*Do you like teaching children ?

Like + To Infinitive artinya memilih (Choose to)
Contoh :
*I like to drink tea (Saya memilih minum teh)
*She likes to go by a bike ( Dia memilih pergi dengan naik sepeda)

Itulah materi tentang Other Verbs (Kata kerja lain) yang diikuti Gerund yang bisa saya bagikan . Semoga bermanfaat bagi kita semua.

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Gerund after Preposition plus Contoh Kalimat

Melanjutkan Pembahasan lengkap tentang Peletakan Gerund dalam Kalimat atau Frase

Gerund after Preposition

Prepostion (kata depan) dalam bahasa Inggris dikelompokkan menjadi 2 yaitu :

a. Free Preposition (Kata depan bebas)

Free Preposition diantaranya adalah : for, with, without, by, besides, from, in, after, before, dan sebagainya.
Contoh :
1. She becomes a freelance journalist besides working at a bank.
2. This knife is for carving fruits.
3. Joe killed a spider by hitting it with a rolling magazine.
4. Save him from doing bad things.

b. Bound Prepositions (Kata depan terikat) 

Adjective + Preposition + Gerund
Contoh :
1. She is sorry for not helping us.
2. Are they scared of getting bad value ?
3. He was not very interested in painting.
4. She was/felt embarred about undressing in front of a doctor.
5. Everyone is opposed to going camping on the rainy season.

Contoh-contoh lain Adjective + Prepositions :

Adj + Preposition	Meaning
Be responsible for Be sick for Be tired of Be fond of Be afraid of Be capable of Be scared of Be suspected of Be sick of (annoyed) Be interested in Be successful in Be clever at Be good at Be bad at Be skilled/skillful at Be accustomed to Be used to Be ashamed about Be sick about (unhappy) Be better off Be keen on	Bertanggung jawab Dipenuhi rasa rindu Lelah Penuh kasih sayang Takut Pandai, cakap Takut Ragu Jemu. bosan Tertarik Berhasil Pandai,pintar Baik Jelek Mahir Biasa Bekas Malu Tidak gembira Dalam keadaan lebih baik Tertarik pada

Noun + Preposition + Gerund
Contoh :
1. Show me the meaning of being lonely !
2. She declines the offer of being transferred to the branch office.
3. Milla was never given the opportunity of going to a college.
4. Do you hate his habit of coming very late ?
5. Do they know the danger of rock-climbing ?
6. The teacher tells student the importance of reviewing the lesson at home.
7. There is no objection to helping other people.

Contoh-contoh lain Noun + Preposition

N + Preposition	Meaning
Reason for Thanks for Apology for Excuse for Method of/for Hope of/for Thought of Chance of Fear of Importance of Right of Intention of Way of Means of Danger of Opportunity of Capability of Necessity of Honor of Process of Skill at Surprise at Success in Interested in Shame in Experience in Difficulty in Objection to	Alasan Kesulitan Keberatan Alasan untuk Cara,proses,metode Harapan Pemikiran Kesempatan Ketakautan Kepentingan Hak Niat Jalan Cara Bahaya Kesempatan Kesanggupan Kebutuhan Reputasi, nama baik Cara Keahlian Kejutan Keberhasilan Perhatian Rasa malu Pengalaman Kesulitan Keberatan

Verb + Preposition + Gerund
Contoh :
1. We can’t focus on gaining the profit in this business.
2. Ferry objects to helping his step father.
3. Will we put of fishing ?
4. Franky confessed to hiding my school documents.
5. Has he given up smoking ?
6. Kendy goes on fishing undre the heat of the sun.
7. Will you assist in improving your students’ skill ?
8. James was charged with murdering his wife.
9. Lolita feels like traveling on a bus.
10. Job applicants are looking forward to being called for an interview.

Contoh-contoh lain Verb + Preposition :

Verb + Preposition	Meaning
Go on Insist on Keep on Depend on/Rely on Die of Approve of Disapprove of Dream of Accuse + Object + of Suspect + Object + of Assist in Succeed in Object to Confess to Look forward to Fine + Object + for Forgive + Object + for Thank + Object + for Appologize to + Object + for Stop + Object + from Prevent + Object + from Give up Put off Dream about	Melanjutkan Bersikeras Melanjutkan mengandalkan Mati karena Menyetujui Tidak menyetujui Bermimpi tentang Menuduh Mencurigai Membantu Berhasil Keberatan Mengakui Menunggu dengan penuh harap Mendenda Memaafkan Berterima kasih Meminta maaf atas Menghentikan ... dari Mencegah ... dari Menyerah Menunda Membayangkan

Itulah materi tentang Gerund after Preposition. Baca juga Gerund after Other Verb plus Contoh Kalimat .
Semoga bermanfaat.

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Pembahasan Lengkap tentang Peletakan Gerund dalam Kalimat atau Frase

Artikel ini adalah lanjutan dari Pembahasan Gerund dan Penggunaannya.

Penempatan Gerund dalam kalimat atau frase

 

1. Gerund diletakkan setelah kata sifat 

Dalam hal ini hanyalah kata sifat yang bisa berfungsi sebagai penjelas (modifier) dan Gerund adalah kata benda yang diterangkan (head).
Contoh :
*Divy made delicious cooking.
*That movie has a happy ending.
*This cream is used to prevent a premature aging.
*What causes a global warming ?
*Can we stop the cases of illegal loggings ?

2. Gerund diletakkan setelah Possesive Adjective atau Genetive.

Contoh :
*Do you like my mother’s cooking ?
*Olla is intersted in his teaching.
*Your thinking becomes idols in our school.
*Will Marsya exhibit his painting next week ?
*Is that your grandfather's housing ?

3. Gerund sesudah Idiomatic Expressions

Dalam bahasa Inggris ada sejumlah frase yang harus diikuti dengan VERB-ING (Gerund).
Contoh-contoh Idiomatic Expressions yang diikuti Gerund adalah :

a. There/ It is no use + Gerund (Tak ada gunanya)
Contoh :
*There is no use crying over spilt milk. (Tak ada gunanya menangisi susu yang tumpah)
*There is no use hanging out.
*There is much use reviewing the lesson that we have studied.
*Is it/there any use staying up every night ?
*Is it any use playing on-line game ?

Note : Much use adalah kebalikan dari no use. Any use digunakan untuk kalimat tanya (Interrogative).

b. There/ It is no good + Gerund (Tak ada bagusnya/baiknya)
Contoh :
*There is no good telling a lie (Tak ada bagusnya bercerita bohong)
*Is there any good cheating in a test ? (Apakah ada bagusnya menyontek dalam ujian)
*It is so much good giving alms to the poor and the needy. (Banyak baiknya memberi sedekah kepada fakir miskin dan yang membutuhkan)

c. There /It is no fun +Gerund (Tak ada senangnya)
Contoh :
*There is no fun getting lost in the forest.
*Is there any fun being led by a dictator ?
*It is much fun snorkelling with some friends.
*Is it any fun being taught with English ?

d. There is no harm in + Gerund ( Tak ada salahnya)
Contoh :
*There is no harm in being rich.
*Is there any harm in marrying a widow ?
*It is no harm in askung for some help.

e. There is no point + Gerund ( Tak ada nilai/harganya)
Contoh :
*There is no point in discussing with a stubborn person .
*Is there any point in prostrating unto God ?
*There is no point worshiping dolls of clay or stone.

f. It is worth + Gerund (Berguna /bermanfaat/penting)
*It is worth doing sport regularly.
*It is not worth gambling.
*It is worth keeping our health.
*Is it worth abusing drugs ?

Note :
Subject + be + worth + Gerund
Gerund dalam struktur kalimat di atas harus diterjemahkan ke dalam arti pasif, dan kata worth bermakna layak/pantas.
Contoh :
*Seawater is not worth drinking (Air laut tidak layak diminum)
*The corruptors are worth imprisoning for long time. (Para koruptor layak dipenjara dalam waktu yang lama)
*No one worth insulting, are they ? (Tak seorangpun pantas dihina, bukan? )
*This food is not worth eating anymore. (Makanan ini tidak layak dimakan lagi)

g. Can’t stand + Gerund (Tidak tahan)
Contoh :
*Marissa can’t living in a small house. (Marissa tidak tahan tinggal di rumah kecil)
*Tiara can’t stand being lied. (Tiara tidak tahan dibohongi)
*Kemal can’t stand working indoor. (Kemal tidak tahan bekerja di luar)
*Can you stand being fooled ? (Bisakah anda tahan ditipu ? )

h. Can’t help + Gerund (Tidak bisa menghindar)
Contoh :
*She can’t help getting very early because her class starts at 6 am.
*Anton can’t help earning money for his family after his father’s death.
*Can he help staying in a boarding house ? His house is far from his school.

i. Go + Gerund (Pergi)
Go + Gerund digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan rekreasi.
Contoh :
*He went camping last week.
*Will we go cycling this afternoon ?
*When are you planning to go golfing ?
*She goes jogging to keep her body fit.
*We have gone snorkelling in Banda sea.

Go sailing = pergi berlayar
Go parasailing = pergi bermain paralayang
Go skiing = pergi bermain ski
Go hunting = pergi berburu
Go sightseeing = pergi cuci mata
Go iceskating = pergi bermain seluncur es
Go swimming = pergi berenang
Go boating = pergi berlayar /bersampan
Go fishing = pergi memancing
Go windowshopping = pergi jalan-jalan ke mall tapi tidak membeli
Go canoing = Pergi bermain kano
Go rafting = pergi berarung jeram

j. Would you mind + Gerund (Apakah anda keberatan...)
Idiomatic Expression would you mind digunakan untuk meminta seseorang melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh :
*Would you mind passing that way ?
*Would you mind not smooking in front of me ?
*Would you mind not turning the air conditioning ?

4. Gerund after Number (cardinal, Ordinal and fraction)

Contoh :
*We must attend two briefings before joining a weekly meeting.
*Marta has finished five drawing on her laptop.
*This is my half writing.
*The first dating leaves memories strongly.
*We can learn much from the first driving.
*This is only two third painting.

5. Gerund after Time

Contoh :
*Many students were absent on Saturday briefing.
*When did your father attend an annual meeting ?
*She likes a Saturday night dating.
*Morning jogging is much better.
*She goes monthly shopping in the Sri Ratu.

6. Gerund after Demonstrative and Question Words

Contoh :
*This housing is my grandfather’s.
*Those buildings will be demolished soon.
*What drawing are you making now ?
*Whose teaching always inspire you ?
*How many painting will be exhibited in the fair next week ?

To be continued...
See Gerund after Preposition 

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Pembahasan Gerund dan Penggunaannya

Hello friends, how are you today ?Pada postingan terdahulu, saya sudah membahas tentang Noun ( Kata Benda). Kali ini , saya akan membahas tentang Gerund.

What is The Gerund ? Apa sih Gerund itu ? dan bagaimana penggunaannya dalam kalimat ? Gerund adalah bentuk kata kerja berakhiran –ing yang menempati posisi sebagai kata benda atau berfungsi sebagai kata benda. Gerund juga bisa menempati posisi subjek, objek, setelah kata depan dan sebagainya. Kesimpulannya adalah Gerund selalu V.ing namun V.ing belum tentu Gerund.

Verb Ing itu sendiri memiliki 4 fungsi yaitu :
1. Verb ing bisa berfungsi sebagai Verb dalam kalimat Continuous/Progressive Tenses.
Contoh : We are studying about Gerund now.
2. Verb ing bisa berfungsi sebagai Adjective.
Contoh : The movie that I watched last night was very entertaining.
3. Verb ing bisa berfungsi sebagai kata benda (GERUND).
Contoh : The girls usually dislike smooking.
4. Verb ing bisa berfungsi sebagai Adverb (Keterangan)
Contoh : Singing from door to door, she earns money.

Kembali pada pembahasan Gerund.

Penggunaan Gerund

1. Gerund yang berkedudukan sebagai Subject
Subjek dalam kalimat berupa VERB + ING ( GERUND )
Subject (Gerund) + Verb + Object 
Contoh kalimat :
*Smoking     brings  bad effects   ( Merokok membawa efek buruk)
S (Gerund)       V             O
*Does smoking shorten life ?
*Reading        enlarge    view and knowledge.
S (Gerund)        V                   O
*Listening      strengthens       our English ability
S (Gerund)            V                      O
Ketika Gerund ditempatkan pada posisi Subjek kalimat, Gerund memerlukan kata kerja tunggal (Singular Verb) atau kata kerja jamak (Plural Verb)
Contoh :
Planting orchids and lotuses is pleasing
    G       objek Gerund
Loving and being loved are human right.
G 1                     G2

Jika dilihat dari posisi kalimat, Gerund adalah kata benda, namun jika dilihat dari karakternya, Gerund tetap merupakan kata kerja. Oleh karena itu Gerund bisa memiliki Objek atau keterangan sendiri.

Contoh 1 : Losing   our dignity   is a disaster.
Subjek kalimat diatas adalah Losing our dignity (Gerund) , tetapi kata losing memiliki objek sendiri yaitu our dignity.

Contoh 2 : Jogging in the morning helps stay healty.
Subjek kalimat diatas adalah Jogging in the morning, tetapi kata jogging memiliki keterangan waktu yaitu in the morning.

2. Gerund yang berkedudukan sebagai Objek
a. Gerund sebagai objek dari kata-kata kerja tertentu ( The object of certain verbs).
Subject + Verb(certain) + Object
Kata kerja yang diikuti Gerund adalah deny, risk, miss, understand, admit, avoid, enjoy, mind, imagine, consider, love, like,stop , anticipate, mention, continue, delay, go, postpone, prefer, regret, try, quit, finish, begin, escape,...etc.

Contoh :
*Randu prefers staying at home on Saturday night.
*Who loves blogging?
*Didn’t you enjoy watching a music concert yesterday ?
*Gayus admitted stealing my gadget.
*Did the judge deny being intimidated ?
Gerund sebagai objek kata depan ( The object of preposition)
Contoh :
*Fatina went home without telling me.
*Father killed a spider by hitting it with a rolling newspaper.
*Are they successful in trading their goods ?
*Ariel is not accustomed to talking a bath on the river.

b. Gerund sebagai objek pelengkap/pelengkap kalimat
Contoh :
*Yosi’s talent is singing solo.
*Is her new job teaching kindergarten students ?
*What I do on my weekend is going out for dinner and movie with some friends.
*One of Tom’s bad habits is disturbing girls in a classroom.

3. Gerund yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas ( The modifier of the noun)
Gerund yang ditempatkan sebelum kata benda dan Gerund itu menyatakan fungsi kata benda yang mengikuti. 

Gerund + Noun
Contoh :
*How long has Rudy been wearing a hearing aid ?
*When was your cat been treated in a nursing home ?
*Will a warning system for Tsunami be installed in this seasore ?

Contoh-contoh lain Gerund + Noun
Hiking tools                : peralatan mendaki
Writing desk               : meja tulis
Fishing hook              : kail pancing
Heating Technology    : teknologi pemanasan
Building construction   : konstruksi bangunan
Swimming pool           : kolam renang
Gardening tools          : peralatan berkebun
Praying mat                : sajadah
Slimming tea               : teh pelangsing
Dining room               : ruang makan
Fishing pool               : kolam pancing
Walking stick             : tongkat
Painting brush            : kuas lukis
Drawing book           : buku gambar
Reading book            : buku bacaan

4. Gerund yang berfungsi sebagai ungkapan larangan pendek (The short prohibition)
Gerund digunakan sebagai tanda larangan pendek ( Written signs), biasanya ditempatkan di tempat-tempat umum.

No + Gerund + Object
Dalam bahasa Indonesia diartikan DILARANG
Contoh :
No Parking        : Dilarang parking
No Swimming    : Dilarang berenang
No Bathing         : Dilarang mandi
No Sunbating     : Dilarang berjemur
No Loitering       : Dilarang mondar-mandir
No Littering        : Dilarang buang sampah sembarangan
No Bull-Hunting  : Dilarang berburu banteng
No Feeding         : Dilarang memberi makan
No Hunting         : Dilarang berburu

Note :
No Parking tidak sama dengan Don’t park !. Don’t park  ! adalah perintah langsung dari orang yang sedang berbicara dengan kita. No Parking Area bukan merupakan larangan pendek ( Short Prohibition ), itu adalah Gerund sebagai a noun modifier (penjelas) yang mengandung arti bukan area/tempat parkir.

Nah, itulah Pembahasan Gerund dan penggunaannya. Semoga bermanfaat. Tetap semangat ya friends. Terus belajar dan berlatih.  Good luck !                 

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Penjelasan Direct and Indirect Speech Complete plus Contoh Kalimat

Banyak yang mengeluhkan materi bahasa inggris Direct-Indirect Speech adalah yang paling sulit karena banyaknya aturan yang harus diterapkan misalnya perubahan tenses, pronoun dan adveb. Tapi jangan kawatir, pada postingan kali ini saya akan menjelaskan secara rinci. Mudah-mudahan bisa dipahami.

Direct Indirect Speech

Direct Indirect Speech adalah kalimat langsung dan kalimat tidak langsung. Direct speech /Quoted speech (kalimat langsung) adalah kalimat yang berisikan laporan dari pembicara yang ditulis apa adanya. Ciri-cirinya tidak ada Conjunction, terdapat Quotation mark(tanda kutip).

Indirect spech/Reported speech (kalimat yang tidak langsung ) adalah kalimat yang dilaporkan oleh orang lain dan diceritakan kembali tanpa mengubah makna/arti. Ciri-cirinya terdapat Conjunction, tidak ada Quotation mark(tanda kutip).

Ilustrasi dalam bahasa Indonesia kira-kira seperti ini. Pada suatu hari Tsania bertemu Marwa di pasar. Kemudian mereka bercakap-cakap , cuplikan dialognya ada dibawah ini.
Tsania : “ Kamu kelihatan cantik”. (Direct Speech)
Marwa : “ Terima kasih “.

Kemudian Marwa pulang, di tengah jalan dia bertemu Nikita. Marwa pun bercerita kepada Nikita yang kebetulan juga mengenal Marwa. Eh Nikita, tadi aku ketemu Tsania loh, dia bilang kalau aku kelihatan cantik (Indirect Speech). Marwa menirukan apa yang diucapkan Tsania. Dalam bahasa Inggris itulah yang dinamakan Direct- Indirect Speech .

Macam-macam Direct- Indirect Speech

Direct Indirect Speech dibagi menjadi beberapa macam diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Direct- Indirect Speech from Statement (Berasal dari kalimat pernyataan)
2. Direct- Indirect Speech from Question (Berasal dari kalimat pertanyaan)
3. Direct- Indirect Speech from Imperative (Berasal dari kalimat perintah)
4. Direct- Indirect Speech from Invitation (Berasal dari kalimat ajakan)
5. Direct- Indirect Speech from Exclamation (Berasal dari kalimat seruan)
6. Direct- Indirect Speech from Express gratitute, Wish and Greeting (Berasal dari kalimat ungkapan terima kasih, doa dan salam)

1. Direct- Indirect Speech from Statement

Untuk mengubah Direct Speech ke Indirect Speech ada aturannya yaitu:

• Jika induk kalimat dalam Direct Speech berupa Simple Present maka tenses dan keterangan waktu atau keterangan tempat dalam Indirect Speech tidak mengalami perubahan, yang berubah hanya Pronoun (kata ganti ) saja.

Contoh :
Diretc Speech    : Lusi says, “ I am a high school student”.
Indirect Speech : Lusy says that she is a high school student.
Diretc Speech    : Tom has asked me, “ when will you go camping ?”
Indirect Speech : Tom has asked me when will you go camping.
Note : Lusy says ,Tom has asked me adalah induk kalimat yang mempengaruhi perubahan tenses.

• Jika induk kalimat dalam Direct Speech berupa Simple Past maka tenses dan keterangan waktu atau keterangan tempat dalam Indirect Speech mengalami perubahan demikian juga Pronoun (kata ganti ). Perubahan itu mengikuti perubahan tenses.

Contoh :
Diretc Speech    : Ben told me,” You can do it tomorrow”.
Indirect Speech : Ben told me that I could do it the following day.
Diretc Speech    : I asked him, “What did you do last night?”
Indirect Speech : I asked him what he had done the previous day.

• Orang pertama (orang yang berbicara ) dalam Diretc Speech kembali ke subjek induk kalimat dalam Indirect Speech.Contoh :

Diretc Speech    : Marsya tells us,” I don’t like fish”.
Indirect Speech : Marsya tells us that she doesn’t like fish.

• Orang kedua (orang yang diajak berbicara ) dalam Diretc Speech kembali ke objek induk kalimat dalam Indirect Speech.

Contoh :
Diretc Speech    : Joe told us,” I don’t agree with you”.
Indirect Speech : Joe told us that he didn’t agree with us.

• Orang ketiga (orang yang diberbicarakan ) dalam Direct Speech tidak berubah (constant) dalam Indirect Speech.

Contoh :
Diretc Speech    : Lintang says to us,” Bayu will not go with me”.
Indirect Speech : Lintang says to us that Bayu would not go wit her.

Tidak hanya Passive Voice , Direct Indirect Speech juga erat kaitannya dengan Tenses. Right !

Aturan perubahan tenses dari Direct Speech ke Indirect Speech

Direct Speech	Indirect Speeech
Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Past Future Past Future Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous	Simple Past   Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Past Future Past Future Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous

 
Jika  kalimat dalam Direct Speech berupa Tenses yang hurufnya saya beri warna merah maka dalam Indirect Speech Tenses tidak berubah (tetap)
Perubahan Auxiliary

Direct Speech	Indirect Speeech
Do/does Is/am Are Have/has Will/shall Would/should	Did Was Were Had Would/should Would/should

Perubahan Modal

Direct Speech	Indirect Speeech
May Can Must Have to Will/shall Could Might Would/Should	Might Could Had to Had to Would/Should Could have Might have Would have/Should have

Aturan perubahan keterangan waktu dan keterangan tempat (Adverb)

Direct Speech	Indirect Speeech
Now Yesterday Last week Last Sunday Two days ago Four years ago Today Tomorrow Next week The day after tomorrow Here This These	Then The day before/The previous day The week before The Sunday before Two days before Four years before That day The following day/The next day The following week In two days time There That Those

1. Direct- Indirect Speech from Statement
Jika kalimat Direct Speech berupa pernyataan (Statement) baik possitive atau negative, maka kata sambung (Conjunction) yang digunalkan adalah THAT yang bermakna BAHWA.
 
Contoh kalimat (Statement of Present):

DS : Tina says to her father,”I am verry happy today”.
IS  : Tina says to her father that she is verry happy today.
DS : Okta tell me,” I have not taken a bath”.
IS  : Okta tell me that she has not taken a bath.
DS : She says to me,’’I have given your pen’’.
IS  : She says to me that she has given my pen.
DS : He says to my mother,’’My mother is waiting for you’’.
IS : He says to my mother that his mother is waiting for her/my mother.
DS  : She says to Vivi,’’We are waiting for Mr.John’’.
IS  : She says to Vivi that we are waiting for Mr.John.
DS : Argo and Huda say to them,’’We will defeat you’’.
IS  : Argo and Huda say to them that they will defeat them.
DS : You and her say to him,’’You must follow me’’.
IS  : You and her say to him that he must follow you.
DS : She says to me,’’ I can’t hear you’’.
IS  : She says to me that she can’t hear me.
DS : I have said to them,’’ You have to help my friend’’.
IS  : I have said to them that they have to help my friend.
DS : They say to him,’’ We will not let you go’’.
IS  : They say to him that they will not let him go.
DS : I tell him,’’ You are borrowing my magazine’’.
IS  : I tell him that he is borrowing my magazine.
DS : Gufron tell us,’’ I am happy to meet her’’.
IS  : Gufron tell us that he is happy to meet her.
DS : My uncle says to me,’’ I bring new bike for you’’.
IS  : My uncle says to me that he brings new bike for me.
DS : He says to me,’’ I don’t understand your question’’.
IS  : He says to me that he doesn’t understand my question’’.
DS : Father has told us,’’ You don’t need to help him’’.
IS  : Father has told us that we don’t need to help him.
DS : He tells me,’’ My friends are waiting for me’’.
IS  : He tells me that his friends are waiting for him.
DS : My sister is saying to me,’’ I have something for your family’’.
IS  : My sister is saying to me that she has something for my family.

Contoh kalimat (Statement of Past):

DS : Paul told Anne,” I went hiking last week”.
IS  : Paul told Anne that he had gone hiking the week before.
DS : They said to us,” We won’t be in your party tonight”.
IS  : They said to us that they would not be in your party that night.
DS : I said to him,’’ You don’t have to wait for me’’.
IS  : I said to him that he didn’t have to wait for me.
DS : He said to me,’’ I am reading your magazine now’’.
IS  : He said to me that he was reading my magazine then.
DS : They said to me,’’ You looked so busy last night’’.
IS  : They said to me that I had looked so busy the night before.
DS : My father called me,’’ I will not bring your mobile phone’’.
IS  : My father called me that he would not bring my mobile phone.

2. Direct- Indirect Speech from Question

Question Sentence dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu :
1. Question Sentence dengan jawaban YES/NO
Jika kalimat pertanyaan dalam Direct Speech dengan jawaban YES/NO, maka kata sambung (Conjunction) yang digunakan adalah IF/WHETHER (Apakah).

Contoh :
DS : Kevin asks me,” Are you alright?”
IS  : Kevin asks me if I am alright.
DS : Farhan asked his father,” Can I continue my study next year?”
IS  : Farhan asked his father whether he could continue his study the following year.
DS : Tom asked Jerry,” Have you submitted your article?”
IS  : Tom asked Jerry if/whether Jerry has submitted his article.
DS : Lim asked Leo,” Will Kate enter the class tomorrow ?”
IS  : Lim asked Leo whether Kate would enter the class the following day.

2. Question Sentence dengan menggunakan Question Words (kata tanya)
Jika kalimat pertanyaan dalam Direct Speech menggunakan Question Words, maka kata sambung (Conjunction) yang digunakan adalah Question Words itu sendiri.
Contoh :
DS : Tania asked them,” Who phoned me last night?”
IS  : Tania asked them who had phoned her the night before.
DS : Farrel asks Fitri ,” What are you doing with your pencil?”
IS  : Farrel asks Fitri what she is doing with her pencil.
DS : They ask her,” Whose father has invited you to attend a seminar?”
IS  : They ask her whose father has invited her to attend a seminar.
DS : Amy asked her husband,” When will we go honeymoon again?”
IS  : Amy asked her husband,” When will they (Amy and her husband) would go honeymoon again.

3. Direct- Indirect Speech from Imperative

Jika kalimat dalam Direct Speech berupa kalimat perintah(Command) atau kalimat permohonan (Request), maka kata sambung (Conjunction) yang digunakan adalah TO (untuk kalimat perintah possitive) dan NOT TO (untuk kalimat perintah negative).

Contoh :
DS : Laili told us,” Be quiet!”
IS  : Laili told us to be quiet,
DS : Ken says to them,” Don’t go without me!”
IS  : Ken says to them not to go without him.
DS : Talita said to her brother,” Don’t be lazy to study!”
IS  : Talita said to her brother not to be lazy to study.
DS : Tommy tells Johan,” Do what you want!”
IS : Tommy tells Johan to do what he wants.
DS : Ella said to me,”Would you help me?”
IS  : Ella said to me to help her. Atau Ella requested me to help her.

4. Direct- Indirect Speech from Invitation

Jika kalimat dalam Direct Speech menggunakan LET’S , maka kalimat Indirect Speech bisa menggunakan kata kerja INVITE atau SUGGEST.

Contoh :
DS : Afis said,” Let’s do the job together!”
IS  : Afis invited us to do the job together. Atau Afis suggested doing the job together.
DS : Najib says to his friends,” Let’s party now!”
IS  : Najib invites his friends to party now. Atau Najib suggest his friends that they party now.

5. Direct- Indirect Speech from Exclamation

 Exclamation adalah  ungkapan seruan, keheranan atau kekaguman. Jika kalimat dalam Direct Speech menggunakan Exclamation, maka kalimat Indirect Speech berubah menjadi pernyataan (Statement) dan menggunakan kata sambung (Conjunction) THAT.

Contoh :
DS : Delia said,” What a smart student Sharon is !”
IS  : Delia said that Sharon was a smart student.

6. Direct- Indirect Speech from Express gratitute, Wish and Greeting

Jika kalimat dalam Direct Speech menggunakan ungkapan terima kasih(Gratitute), doa (Wish), dan salam(Greeting), maka kalimat Indirect Speech menggunakan kata kerja yang sesuai dengan ungkapan tersebut.

Contoh :
DS : Andy said to me,” Goog luck!”
IS  : Andy wished me a luck.
DS : Tyas said to Dany,” Good morning Dany!”
IS  : Tyas greeted Dany in the morning.
DS : Nadya says to her teacher,” Thank you very much, sir!”
IS  : Nadya thanks her teacher very much.
DS : Reno said to his cousin,” Congratulation on your graduation!”
IS  : Reno congratulated his cousin on his graduation.

Catatan :
Perlu diperhatikan penggunaan modal MUST dalam Inderect Speech. Jika MUST digunakan dalam bentuk Future pada kalimat Direct Speech(kalimat langsung), maka MUST harus diubah menjadi WOULD HAVE TO dalam Indirect Speech (kalimat tak langsung).

Contoh :
DS : Susy told me,” You must attend the briefing tomorrow”.
IS  : Susy told me that I would have to attend the briefing the next day.
Jika MUST digunakan untuk menyatakan larangan (Prohibition) dalam kalimat langsung (Direct Speech), maka dalam kalimat tak langsung (Indirect Speech) bisa menggunakan MUST’N atau WASN’T TO.

Contoh :
DS : Nana told Nini,” You mustn’t drive a car in a stormyday”.
IS  : Nana told Nini that she mustn’t drive a car in a stormyday. Atau Nana told Nini that she wasn’t to drive a car in a stormyday.

Itulah Penjelasan Direct and Indirect Speech Complete plus Contoh Kalimat yang bisa saya bagikan. Semoga bermanfaat. Kurang lebihnya saya mohon maaf. Terima kasih.

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